European Nationalism in Africa

European Nationalism in Africa Free Online Research Papers A careful examination of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Adam Hochschild’s King Leopold’s Ghost shows the fascinating ways in which fact and fiction intertwine. Hochschild describes the nature of Belgian King Leopold the II’s acquisition and enslavement of the Congo, one of the most violent examples of Colonialism. This is in turn the central theme of Heart of Darkness, as Conrad observed its effects first-hand. Just as Hothschild relates that the reign of Leopold cost the lives of millions of Congolese, so too does Conrad portray the devastation that his â€Å"Company† has created in the Congo. There are interesting similarities in the perceptions that the novelist and the historian have on the subject. Both books point to an arrogant, racially motivated air of superiority that illustrates the way that Europeans chose to advance their nationalistic colonial aims. The egotistic perspective of European colonialists is embodied by the racial prejudices they had toward the natives of the African continent. In Heart of Darkness, this sentiment is pervasive; the way in which the natives are summarily dismissed as being unworthy of consideration is complete throughout the novel. The narrator, Marlow, is shown to be more contemplative and sensitive than the rest of the Company, yet he continually shows a disregard for the lives and well being of the native people. When Marlow first reaches the Outer Station, he notices a number of natives lying among the trees, waiting to die. There is no great sense of compassion in Marlow as he describes these â€Å"black shadows of disease and starvation† (Conrad 14). In fact, all of his descriptions seem to dehumanize the people in this passage, using such descriptions as â€Å"moribund shapes,† â€Å"black shapes† and â€Å"bundles of acute angles.† These descriptions give the reader a sense of the way in which the natives are devalued by the European traders, as even the man who the reader will regard as the conscience of the novel dismisses the plight of these enslaved people. For Marlow, and in turn for all of the men of the Company, the natives become part of the background, as Marlow struggles to refute the â€Å"suspicions of their not being inhuman† (Conrad 32). The attitude toward the native Africans that pervades the European men in Heart of Darkness is also prevalent in King Leopold’s Ghost. Hochschild first draws the overlap between the fictional characters in Conrad’s fiction with real people and events, showing that the fiction accurately mirrors the historical events. Hochschild recounts the story of George Washington William, an early proponent of sovereign rights. His argument that the Congo state was guilty of â€Å"crimes against humanity† (Hochschild 112) was rebuffed by King Leopold, and his untimely death brought an end to this movement. In fact, the conceit of European colonialists led them to feel that they were actually suffering more than the enslaved natives. Hochschild gives an example of this in the form of Raoul de Premorel, who ran a Congo rubber-collecting post. In his memoirs, de Premorel describes punishing the leader of a mutiny, concluding ultimately that â€Å"sometimes I think it is I w ho have suffered most† (Hochschild 295) for having to mete out punishment against men struggling to free themselves from enslavement. In a sense, European arrogance allowed the oppressors to perceive themselves as victims. The disregard for African life was perpetuated by Imperialist greed for the natural resources of the region. Foremost among these was, at least initially, the lust for ivory. Conrad writes, â€Å"The word ivory rang in the air, was whispered, was sighed. You would think they were praying to it.† (20), Hochschild refers this notion to a historical perspective. He describes the trickery King Leopold perpetrated to gain a foothold in the Congo- the false threat of Arab slavers- that allowed him to exert his influence to harvest ivory, and later rubber. In Heart of Darkness, Kurtz becomes the evolutionary conclusion to this greed and plundering. Conrad alludes to this with the physical movement of the story, from the Outer Station to the Central Station to the Inner Station, where Kurtz is located. It is a symbolic movement as well, as the Company members espouse more genteel descriptions of their business in Africa as â€Å"trade;† this notion become harsher, more brutal as the reader travels into the Inner Station, to Kurtz’s world. Even dying, Kurtz cries out, â€Å"Oh, but I’ll wring your heart yet† (Conrad 63), suggestive of the utter completeness of the devestation of the land and people of the Congo. Kurtz embodies the core of the Belgian endeavor in Africa laid bare, a pure exploitation that doesn’t care about preservation of a people and their culture. Hochschild expresses Conrad’s rendering of the individual and cultural destruction in the Congo through a sense of the legacy of colonialism in Africa. He describes in great detail the Royal Museum of Central Africa in Brussels. However, as he writes, â€Å"in none of the museum’s twenty large exhibition galleries is there the slightest hint that millions of Congolese met unnatural deaths† (Hochschild 293). Hochschild also relates that this omission is not unique to Brussels, as other European capitals have forgotten this chapter in their history as well. Hochschild clearly illustrates the way in which European Colonialism has purposely forgotten the havoc it wrought. Hochschild also alludes to this in an alternative way, describing how Belgium went from oppressor to victim in the eyes of the world when Germany invaded them, precipitating the events of World War I. The utter arrogance and complete disregard for African life is shown in the fact that there is no acknowledgement of the devastation, in terms of human loss, on the Congo in specific or Africa as a whole. The other aspect of this legacy is the way that violence and exploitation has survived in Africa. Hochschild recounts the way in which school textbooks selectively erased the horrors of the rubber trade by omitting them from the curriculum. He also shows that western interference also prevented sovereign rule from establishing itself in the Congo, as colonial forces opposed Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister after Belgium ceded control, ultimately aiding in his assassination by supporting rebel forces. Hochschild then asserts that the CIA aided in establishing the regime of Joseph Mobutu, who would not oppose the perpetuation of a colonial economy, as Lumumba did. This shows how the colonial arrogance of the west was perpetuated even after rule of the Congo was returned to Africans. There is a clear overlap in both of these books in the way the authors describe the conceit of European colonialism in Africa, both in scope and meaning of the destruction it brought to Africa. In both books, the reader gets a sense of a basis for this exploitation, which clearly stemmed from the notion of the natives being â€Å"inhuman.† Conrad details this directly, and Hochschild alludes to it in the way the history of this exploitation has been erased from African history. In the end, it is apparent that Belgium and the other European colonial exploiters cannot look at their actions, as Kurtz does, and unflinchingly acknowledge them. It is easier to deny this dark legacy. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum. New York: Dover, 1990. Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold’s Ghost. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. 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Changes In Concepts Of Childhood 19th Century Sociology Essay

Changes In Concepts Of Childhood 19th Century Sociology Essay Discuss how childhood has changed since the 19th century. How do concepts from this period continue to influence current attitudes to childhood? Childhood, the early years of a person’s life, between birth to about 8 years, is also considered most beautiful, most meaningful and most important part of life for a human being. The importance of childhood can be understood by observing the fact that though many scientists have different theories to define the process of human development they all agree on the importance of childhood and experiences in that time having a profound affect on an individual’s life. Many researches have been made on the process of human development and tough there are many proposed theories the actual difference between them is about how complex the relation really is between the stages and not what the stages really are. The differences are intrinsic not extrinsic. They all agree that childhood is a time when a person is moving from concrete to abstract thought. Man did learn sciences such as astrology, numerology, mathematics etc but the concept of schooling was deficient. People only knew as much as was required to trade and earn a living. A study conducted on child development concluded that in the year 1750 about 33 percent of infants and new born babies were left on doorsteps or social care homes by parents.(Malcolm Watson) Poor children were also made to work in land mines and other industries by their parents to earn a living. Efforts to eradicate child labor have been made over centuries by the responsible government bodies in different countries and social welfare organizations in the world. But it seems that despite the changing perceptions towards childhood, statistical data proves otherwise. The commencement of specific child development theories and acknowledgment of these theories only date back to some 200 years ago, in the 17th and 18th century. An acclaimed name, in this regard is of Professor Malcolm W. Watson. He researched on Human Development and formed theories that are still studied and followed. Results of his findings emphasized on six major theories by different people in different times. These theories focus on different stages man goes through from infancy to adulthood. Details of how environment and other factors affect childhood are also underscored. The theories encompass effects and behavioral changes in man and what we opine about our own selves, be it scientists, researchers or a common man. Psychodynamic theory-Sigmund Freud(Mack Lemouse from healthguidance.org): This theory says that human psychology can be broken down in to three separate parts. These are namely â€Å"the id, the ego and the superego†. Id is the childish part of our personality and its driving force is food, warmth and appreciation and the sexual drive. This side of every being is then balanced by the other two parts i.e. ego and superego. The superego is contradictory to id. It is that pa rt of human personality which enables us to control one self. Through this one acts in a socially acceptable manner. The ego is some where in the middle of these two extremes. Most of our troubles arise from balancing between the id and the superego.

Business strategy in financila services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business strategy in financila services - Essay Example A host of modern pharmaceutical companies all started out as Rhine-based family dyestuff and chemical companies e.g. Hoffman-La Roche, Sandoz, Ciba-Geigy (the product of a merger between Ciba and Geigy), and Novartis1 etc. Most are still going strong today2. Over time many of these chemical companies moved into the production of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic chemicals and they gradually evolved into global players. There are certain factors like the introduction of the penicillin during the late 1940s, its success and relative success of many other innovative drugs which actually institutionalized the efforts of research and development (R&D) in the pharmaceutical industry. The industry expanded rapidly in the sixties, benefiting from new discoveries and a lax regulatory environment. During this period healthcare spending boomed as global economies prospered. The industry witnessed major developments in the seventies with the introduction of tighter regulatory controls, especially with the introduction of regulations governing the manufacture of 'generics'3. The new regulations revoked permanent patents and established fixed periods on patent protection for branded products, a result of which the market for 'branded generics'4 emerged. PESTLE Analysis PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the "big picture" of the environment, in which you are operating, and the opportunities and threats that lie within it. By understanding the environment in which you operate (external to your company or department), you can take advantage of the opportunities and minimize the threats (RAPIDBI). Specifically the PEST or PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business or organization. Technological advancements, tighter regulatory-compliance overheads, rafts of patent expiries and volatile investor confidence have made the modern pharmaceutical industry an increasingly tough and competitive environment. An analysis of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry using the PEST (political, economic, social and technological) model (Susanne, 2004) is given below. Increasing Political Attention Over the years, the pharmaceutical industry has witnessed increased political attention due to the increased recognition of the economic importance of healthcare as a component of social welfare. Political interest has also been generated because of the increasing social and financial burden of healthcare. Examples are the UK's National Health Service debate and Medicare in the US. Increased Economic Value During the year 2003, there were many high value mergers and acquisitions which were witnessed by the global pharmaceutical industry. With a projected stock value growth rate of 10.5% (2003-2010) and Health Care growth rate of 12.5% (2003-2010), the audited value of the global pharmaceutical market is estimated to reach a huge 500 billion dollars by 2004. Only information technology has a higher expected growth rate of 12.6%. Majority of

ENG C249 Tunneling and Underground Excavations ( Curriculum BACHELOR Essay

ENG C249 Tunneling and Underground Excavations ( Curriculum BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL) - Essay Example Rock mechanics is a discipline of applied science. It is recognized as one of the most logical and rational engineering disciplines. It is the knowledge and understanding of the mechanical properties of rock, different methods for the study of rock-stress under some specific circumstances, various principles that express the rock mass response to load, and some coherent schemes for the application of rock-stress analysis methods to actual physical problems. Several factors have significantly contributed to the recognition of rock mechanics as a science of mining. If we talk about major causes for its recognition as a mining science, we can say that it is due to the increased development and advancement in underground mining activities. Krishnan, et al., (2000) found that underground mining operations act as one of the greatest motivating sources for the advancement in the field of rock mechanics. Rocks are used for two basic engineering purposes that include building construction and preparation of foundations. Understanding of the basic properties of rocks is very important for the professionals of the field of civil engineering because it allows the structures to be founded in an appropriate manner. In order to derive the analytical data on the physical characteristics of rock mass, the engineers use two basic measures. These measures include field-scale measures and laboratory measures. Field-scale measures are also known as rock mass properties and they are descriptions of the rock mass’s bulk strength properties. Whereas laboratory measures of rocks are analyzed in laboratory settings and are known as rock properties. They are obtained using field site’s samples. There are two types of mining openings, which are service openings and production openings. Brady and Brown (1992, p.197) state that service openings

Childhood Presented in To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and The Blu

Childhood Presented in To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison Childhood should be a time of great learning, curiosity, joy, playfulness and guiltlessness. The reality is that it can be a time of extreme vulnerability and dependency. The innocence and fragility of a child is easily manipulated and abused if not nurtured and developed. Family relationships are crucial in the flourishing of young minds, but other childhood associations are important too. These include school life, friends, play and peer-group. Both novels portray these factors and their effects on the character formation of their subjects, to some extent and, show that growing up can be a painful process greatly accelerated by the events that the children encounter. Scout and Jem are the daughter and son of Atticus Finch, a widowed lawyer based in Maycomb, twenty miles from Finch's Landing the family plot. They are a white, middle class family who have a black cook/housekeeper. Their story is written in To Kill a Mocking Bird, which was published in 1960. It's author, Harper Lee, was a white woman who incorporated many of her own childhood experiences into the book. She too came from a small, sleepy town in Alabama, her own father was a lawyer and her childhood friend was Trueman Capote, from whom she drew inspiration for Scout and Jem's friend Dill. Perhaps the most influential of the events that occurred during Lee's childhood was the Scottsboro Trials, where nine innocent young black men were accused of raping two white women. This was undoubtedly the inspiration for the climax of the novel, the rape trial of Tom Robinson. Lee wrote the novel in the late 1950's at the beginning of the Civil Rights Move... ...nced, and easy to read way. The character of the narrator Scout is infused with wit and humour and she paints pictures of lazy summer days at play, while still managing to deal with the rape trial and its aftermath. Her characters develop throughout the novel by a series of moralistic encounters with neighbours and family, until by the end of the novel Scout realises that they have learnt so much and remarks: "As I made my way home, I though Jem and I would get grown but there wasn't much else left for us to learn, except possibly algebra." (To Kill a Mocking Bird, P308) Lee certainly gets her point across but does so in a gentler, less harrowing way. BIBLIOGRAPHY To Kill a Mocking Bird, Harper Lee, William Heinemann Ltd, 1960. The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, Picador, 1990. - OTHER RESOURCES USED www.sparknotes.com www.pinkmonkey.com

Evaluate the benefits for a company of practicing Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

I certify that the attached is my own work. Material drawn from other sources has been acknowledged according to unit-specific requirements for referencing. Signature of student:________________________________ Date:__25 June 2013___ Traditionally companies focus primarily on gaining profits without regard for the community and environment. Ignoring the waste and pollution for example causes adverse impact for the social. Air pollution, for example, caused by factories with chemical materials can weaken respiration system. It was believed that the concern about environment produces extra expenditures reducing firm’s profit. Thus, they tend to override and ignoring the issue. In contrary, majority of the costumers expect more respects, supports, and cares from factories for the communities and environment. In addition, the government through policies has tried to force the corporations being care about their responsibilities. However, a concept including strategy to build a good relationship between corporations and their stakeholders has been introduced. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), the concept, has been practiced and developed since the 1970s receiving good responses from government and society around the world. CSR today is performed as a strategic management approached. A research by Preuss (2011, p. 23) mentions the 4Ps of innovative CSR on the basis of CSR project content, processes, positioning, and paradigm. A firm could receive worthwhile benefits through its CSR activities by being different from their competitors. Therefore, this essay evaluates the benefits of CSR to a company through several examples of successful achievement. According to Madzimure (2013) article, the benefits of CSR beyond financial return but provide strategy to protect firm’s sustainability. Organisation can uses this concept as instrument in human resources management, risk management, brand differentiation and obtaining an operation license (Madzimure, 2013). Preuss (2011, p. 19) defines the advantages of CSR namely, competitive advantage, which affording the firm’s reaction to external factors faster and better than the competitors, cost and risk reduction by building relations among stakeholders avoiding social problems, reputation and legitimacy, and synergistic value creation which bringing promotion value growth. Recent research from Galbreath (2009, p.111) explains that the CSR cover various associations consisting internal and external stakeholder as stakeholder theory. Hence, carrying the important roles in social and environment, corporations are expected to pay more attention about their responsibilities (Madzimure, 2013). However, byapproaching CSR from the beginning, both small and large corporation could find a number of advantages for an organisation, society and industry levels (Preuss, 2011, p. 25). Firstly, CSR helps the legal responsibility to comply with local, state, federal, and relevant international laws (Galbreath, 2009, p.111). An article by Madzimure (2013) states that avoiding government interference in their business through taxation or regulation is common with multi-national companies when they are doing business in developing countries. Being aware about community activities organisations can convince governments and publics. For example involving in education program, software company could have attention from the students. (Madzimure, 2013) Firms have to face additional behaviours and activities that society desired such as contributing party to social organisations, when they also can gain some advantages from it (Galbreath, 2009, p.111). Through paying attention with poverty a firm produce low price products contributing to the increasing of costumer demands. The benefits, moreover, affect both company and costumers. For example, conducting a discount for grocery purchase for their product, an instant food manufactory can received growing income and the society spends less expense. (Preuss, 2011, p. 23) To maintain good relationship with community, Fenn (2013) describes organisation can be a donator for local or larger charity and thus, again, providing advantages for both sides. Secondly, Galberth (2009, p.118) argues that CSR benefits both to the environment and the organisation. This social project content is clearly focused on environmental side, which driving manufacturers has to replace heavy metals, solvents or other toxic ingredients with safer and natural materials (Preuss, 2011, p. 23). A pharmaceutical company could protect the environment by utilising waste water treatment, for instance, in their production process. As a result, the entire community may receive the advantages and the corporation will be able to avoid fines or disapproval federal pollution standards permission, because of healthier environment. Other example is, investing resources in cogeneration technology which processing heat into energy, manufacture can substitute electrical power consumption for the local utility. Economically, both factory and community spend fewer budgets for electricity. (Galbreath, 2009, p.118) Through CSR, manager can use improve employee satisfaction (Preuss, 2011, p. 25). Ingenhoff and Sommer, (2011, p. 85) founds CSR can also support employee’s activities, by providing educational improvement programme such as scholarship. Moreover, positive employee perceptions to the company can be improved by involving them in charity and fundraising activities or community volunteering (Madzimure, 2013). Skilful employees can be maintained by trying to keep them motivated and loyal which may optimise organisation productivity. A firm can incorporate their staff welfare plans in order to constructing community relationships. For example in a charity project, staff should be involved and part of the project. A survey from Net Impact found that working in the place where they can contribute an impact was important to their choice and several of them indicate to take a pay cut to work for a corporation practicing CSR. (Fenn 2013) Fenn (2013) explains that CSR is about managing the relationships between employees, customers, supplier and stakeholder to produce positive impact on society, whilst gaining profits. AT&T and its foundation, for instance, connected CSR with specific business functions by establishing a family care fund that managed committee to support employees and their communities. The result is, not only improved the availability and quality of day care facilities, but it also widely used to solve union management disagreements. (Preuss, 2011, p. 24) Other example of the successful CSR implementation in a company is Walt Disney by creating the ‘Green standard’ to engage and motivate the staff in reducing their environmental impact when working, having meetings, travelling and eating lunch. With more than 60,000 employees they succeed to achieve financial benefits from reducing 10% the corporation’s electricity use. (Fenn, 2013) The next success story is the well-known natural fragrance manufacture The Body Shop. A trend by this anti-chemical perfume widely accepted around the world. The founder, Anita Roddick, believes in the importance of environmental protection, animal rights, community trade and human rights, although The Body Shop Foundation started a struggle in finance. Thus, today The Body Shop reaches markets in the USA and Japan, create a loyal customer, and gain annual profits of over  £40m. Having a similar idea, Haagen-Dazs and their natural ice creams created a website, started a social media campaign and donated a portion of proceedings to research about honeybees and its benefits in the chain food. In fact, the advertise helps society, company’s CSR goals, showing humanity to consumers which likely to pay a premium price for charity reason. (Fenn, 2013) On the other hand, In the term of education, The Shell Foundation was involved to provide Early Learning Centre in the Flower Valley, South Africa which helping to educate both children and adults new skills. Considering the similar idea, Econet Wireless, a Zimbabwean multi-national company, offers education scholarships for any level students, supports football club around Africa and participates in HIV/AIDS education programmes. (Madzimure, 2013) In conclusion, although the consequence of implementing CSR experiencing expenditure increases, CSR contributes significant benefits not only for a company but also for stakeholder, society and environment. Some organizations both local and international level allocate funds for long investment for social responsibility, aiming to the better reputation and revenue. Primary, CSR helps the legal responsibility through convincing the society in other to obtain government trust. By satisfying customer demands, a firm also can create a loyal buyer and it is not impossible to improving profits. Secondly, CSR economically benefits both to the environment and the organisation. The firm through differentiation has an opportunity to spread the market while sustaining the environmental sources. Through CSR, corporate could improve employee’s satisfaction, because well performance employees lead to optimal organisation productivity. World class corporations such as Walt Disney, The Body Shop, and Haagen-Dazs have practised CSR and experienced a successful achievement. Moreover, African company such as The Shell Foundation and Econet Wireless involve in educational support for children. Therefore, facing engaged responsibility from various sectors, a company not only can maintain its sustainability but also, gain more advantages by implementing CSR. The old fashioned corporation which only concentrating to gain profit has not longer been primary evaluation to the decision makers because in the future social expectation will drive organisation in any part of the world contributing more important role in environment through CSR. References: Fenn, R 2013, ‘Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility’, Sustainable Business Toolkit, 14 May, viewed 22 May 2013, Galbreath, J 2009, ‘Building corporate social responsibility into strategy’, European Business Review, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 109-127. Ingenhoff, D & Sommer, K 2011, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility Communication: A Multi-method Approach on Stakeholder Expectations and Managers’ Intentions’, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Iss. 42, pp. 73-90. Madzimure, J 2013, ‘Let’s embrace corporate social responsibility’, Nehanda Radio, 19 May, viewed 22 May 2013, Preuss, L 2011, ’Innovative CSR: A Frame Work for Anchoring Corporate Social Responsibility in the Innovation Literature’, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Iss. 42, pp. 17-33.

Self Assessment Of Counseling Skills Essay - 1949 Words

Self-Assessment of` Counseling Skills M.D. is a 23 year-old African American male, and a counseling graduate student at Old Dominion University. He has one brother and one stepbrother, and his parents are divorced. His dad is remarried, and his mother is single. M.D. expressed a close relationship with his grandmother, and fluctuating relationship with his mother and father. He is not married and does not have any children, but he is in a committed relationship with his girlfriend, whom he lives with. He expressed an extreme interest in music and can play numerous instruments. He is a member of Phi Mu Alpha, a music fraternity, and he works for the music department at Old Dominion University. The client stated he came to counseling because he wanted to work on relieving some of his stress. Throughout the sessions, the source of his stress changed. During the first session, he was having a conflict within his friend group. 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